Manu National Park
Declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Location: Departments of Cusco and Madre de
Dios Area: 1'532,806 hectares. Creation: May 1973.
Considered as one of the biggest and richest natural reserves
in the world, the one that allows having intimate contact with
nature in its most primitive and wildest state.
Geographical Location: The park is located
in the provinces of Manu and Paucartambo (Departments of Madre
de Dios and Cusco respectively), comprising lands on the eastern
slopes of the Andes and on the Peruvian Amazones. The limits
to the north are the watershed separating the catchments basins
of Manu and de las Piedras rivers (72° 01'W, 11° 17'S);
to the south the area where the road from Paucartambo to the
north-west turns to Tres Cruces (71° 30'W, 13° 11'S);
to the east the region on the left margin of the Alto Madre
de Dios River to the Pilcopata River, Department of Cuzco (71°
10'W, 12° 18'S); and to the west the watershed separating
the catchment basins of the Manu and Camisea Rivers - also the
limit between the Departments of Cusco and Madre de Dios (72°
22'W, 11° 45'S).
Intangible area, protection of the fauna and flora, and of the
Andean oriental and Amazon scenic beauties, it embraces territories
from the Andean puna and yunga in the department of Cusco to
the low jungle in the department of Madre de Dios, furrowed
by the Manu river, high part of Madre de Dios river and affluent.
Most of its extension is located in the area of low jungle,
between the 200 and 400 meters above sea level (656 and 1312
feet). The rivers of the wild area can be navigated in small
crafts in any time of the year.
It integrates elements of exceptional beauty and scientific
interest, harboring more than 5,000 species of mammals and more
than 1 million species of insects and spineless.
Vegetation: With a park the size of Manu, with
a wide range of altitude, vegetation varies widely, however
the most widespread vegetation types found are tropical lowland
rainforest, tropical montane rainforest and Puna vegetation
(grasslands). The lowland forests occur on the alluvial plains
and the interfluvial hills. Those on the hills may experience
seasonal water supply, given the monthly variation in rainfall,
while the forests on the alluvial plains are likely to be seasonally
flooded. The montane forests experience less variation in the
water supply and are exposed to lower temperatures. The management
plan (La Molina, 1986) maps 14 forest types using the Holdridge
system (after Tosi, 1960), although, given the lack of rainfall
data, this must be to some extent speculative. Despite the high
diversity of plant species in this region, the flora of Manu
is still poorly known and floristic inventories must be considered
as preliminary (Gentry, 1985). The few collections of plants
are those of Foster (1985) and Gentry (1985) made in the alluvial
plains near the Biological Station, and in the Tres Cruces region
of the uplands. Other collections have been made by Terborgh
(1985) and Janson (1985) on trees where birds and primates obtain
food. Despite this, in the last ten years, 1147 plant species
have been identified in the park within quite a small area (500
ha), and it is likely that the number of species to be found
within the park is well over this figure. More recent data (Saavedra,
1989) indicate 1,200 lowland vascular species and a single one
hectare plot near the Cocha Cashu research station supported
more than 200 tree species.
In a hectare plot on the alluvial plains, 17 trees with a diameter
of more than 70 cm were found (4 to 11 trees with such a diameter
would be more usual). The biggest tree was a Ceiba pentandra
(120 cm), while others included the locally rare Poulsenia armata
(110 cm) and Calycophyllum sp. (117 cm), and locally endangered
Swietenia macrophylla (105 cm) and Dipteryx odorata (100 cm).
The most common tree in the plot was Otoba parviflora (IK),
and other highly abundant species included palms of the genera
Astrocaryum, Iriartea and Scheelea, two species of Quararibea
(Bombacaceae), Guarea and Trichilia (both Meliaceae from the
subcanopy), one Pouteria (Sapotaceae), Pseudolmedia laevis (Moraceae)
and Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae). Another striking feature
of these forests is the high abundance of Ficus sp., of which
there are at least 18 species - only 15 Ficus species are mentioned
in the Flora of Peru (Standley, 1937). Lianas are common, and
79 lianas of 43 species were found within 1,000 sq.m. With the
current knowledge of the flora of the park it is not possible
to give a detailed account of threatened, endemic or potentially
economically important species. Swietenia macrophylla and Cedrela
odorata which grow in almost pure stands, are two of the species
economically important for their wood, while Theobroma cacao
and Quararibea cordata (IK) are both cultivated for their fruits
outside the park.
Fauna: A total of more than 800 bird species
(Saavedra, 1989) and 200 species of mammals has been identified,
500 birds alone from the lowland forests around Cocha Cashu
Biological Station, and the check lists of Terborgh, Janson
and Brecht (1984) give habitats, foraging position, activity
(sociability) and abundance for all birds and mammals found
up to 1982. The bird species found in Manu represent 25% of
all the birds known in South America and 10% of all the species
in the world and it is thought that there may be as many 1,000
bird species in total. According to Renton (1990), six species
of macaw occur in the lowland forest, Ara ararauna, A. chloroptera,
A. macao, A. severa, and A. manilata.
Three Endemic Bird Areas are represented within the park, the
South-east Peruvian lowlands (B30), home to 15 restricted range
species, the Eastern Andes of Peru (B29), with 11 restricted
range species, and the Western Andes of Peru (B27) with 30 restricted
range species (ICBP, 1992).
There are 13 species of monkey, and it is estimated that there
are over 100 species of bat. There are also 12 species of reptiles
within 7 families (UNA-CEPID, 1986), and 77 species of Amphibian
from fire families are known for the Cocha Cashu area (Rodriguez,
in press). There are no check lists available for invertebrates,
although it has been estimated that the park contains around
500,000 species of arthropod. Again, most of the information
has been gathered in the lowlands, and little detailed information
is available on mountain fauna. Species known to be globally
threatened which occur in the park include woolly monkey Lagothrix
lagotricha, Emperor tamarin Saguinus imperator, giant otter
Pteronura brasiliensis (VU), giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla
(VU), giant armadillo Priodontes maximus (EN), ocelot Felis
pardalis, Andean cat Oreailurus jacobita (VU), jaguar Panthera
onca, small-eared zorro Atelocynus microtis (DD), bush dog Speothos
venaticus (VU), North Andean Huemul Hippocamelus antisensis
(DD), spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus (VU), crocodile Crocodilus
crocodilus, and black caiman Melanosuchus niger (EN).
Fish species identified by Groenendijk and Hajek (1995) which
are eaten by the local poplulation include gamitana Colossoma
macroponum, paco Piaratus brachypomus, red-tailed sabalo Brycon
erythropterum, boquichico Prochilodus nigricans, lisa Leporinus
trifasciatus and lisa Schizodon fasciatus.
Visit and travel:Inside the park, areas enabled for tourists
and visitors exist, and other areas are only restricted for
the entrance of investigators. In the area for tourists, exist
lodging facilities.
Beside lodging, these lodges offer guided excursions for the
tourists as well as housing facilities and work for investigators
and scientific.
To visit the National Park of the Manu, you have two alternatives:
The first one is to carry out a terrestrial trip or flight rental
from Cusco, via Paucartambo, until arriving to the area of the
park and then continue with the excursion by river. The journey
is full of beautiful Andean landscapes and the entrance to the
forest area is of indescribable beauty. This highway is in a
bad condition. It is the most advisable.
The second is to arrive by air to Puerto Maldonado, and then
by river to the enabled area for tourists and visitors inside
the Park.
In both possibilities we consider indispensable to coordinate
your expedition with expert guides.
